(2011). By the removal of ferrophosphorus (or only phosphorus, if iron is not added), slag is also created. These include (i) X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis; (ii) scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis; (iii) energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, or XEDS); (iv) gamma-ray spectroscopy; (v) DTA; and (vi) autoclave treatment. Thus, membrane selection is a critical factor for the performance of this technology. The main waste materials within this process are the tailings from the flotation stage and the furnace slags from the smelting stage. In terms of mineralogical properties, nickel slag, essentially made up of a major vitreous phase concentrated in the smallest particles and of a much lesser crystalline phase, is particularly present in the larger particles. Its pseudo-pozzolanic properties are not greatly increased when it is added to mortar and concrete. User guidelines for waste and by-product materials in pavement construction. This melt is then desulfurized with lime flux, iron ore, or basic slag during the process of conversion, and then oxygen is lanced to remove other impurities. The concrete specimens containing BOF-3 slag indicated surface popout although the autoclave testing result is marginally acceptable. After initial processing (grinding), minerals are exposed to temperatures below their melting point. h��Xmo�6�+�2�E��"��4����Q�t�A��D�-��4�~w�$[^ܤ�2�{#�ܑ ); and passing 9.5 mm retained 4.75 mm. The range of chemical compositions of the slag samples is summarized in Table 12.1. Nickel ma inly occurs in the pyrrhotite (Fe-Ni 1-x S) Nickel: smelting; Extraction and purification; Nickel is recovered through extractive metallurgy: it is extracted from its ores by conventional roasting and reduction processes that yield a metal of greater than 75% purity. Nickel slag abrasive is a type of abrasive material used for blast cleaning. HMNS particles can work as microaggregates in AAC binders. No significant differences in the microstructure of the alkali-activated zinc slag cements were identified, although the cement produced with air-ground zinc slag seems to be more porous. In many stainless steel applications, 75% pure nickel can be used without further purification, depending on the composition of the impurities. 3. Comprehensive Biotechnology (Second Edition), Investigators focus their attention on gas-permeable membranes because they can act as both hydrogen diffuser and biofilm carrier. Disruption test results of nickel slag aggregates. Otherwise the uranium minerals will remain within the tailings (Cooper, 2005). The nonferrous slags are molten by-products of high-temperature processes that are used to separate the nonferrous metal from other constituents. The operating cost of membrane reactors is a major problem as they have high energy consumption and replacement membranes are costly. As such, this evaluation program focused on the physical properties and mineral composition, with no supplementary environmental testing conducted. A complete composition and characteriza tion of the slag produced are reported elsewhere [5]. Copper slag is produced during matte smelting and converting steps of pyrometallurgical production of copper from copper ores, when silica is added. ); passing 13.2 mm retained 9.5 mm (3/8 in. This study shows a practical model of converting local industrial wastes into greener cement or cement-like products. Table 3.4. Three steel slag samples and two air-cooled nickel slag samples were used in the preliminary expansion force test and autoclave disruption test. (12.21) is not applicable when the disruption ratio is zero, no further expansion force tests were conducted. Fig. the chemical composition of furnace nickel slag . (2011) and FHWA (2012) tends to suggest that CS possibly possesses the desirable engineering properties for use as a replacement for natural sand in many geotechnical applications. Nonferrous slags are produced during the recovery and processing of nonferrous metal from primary and secondary raw materials. The I-index calculation is based on European Commission 1999; Radiation Protection 112; Radiological Protection Principles Concerning the Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials; and Directorate-General, Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection. The future work of developing this type of work should be focused on (1) the long-term properties of the deriving materials; (2) the match between raw materials and the activator and process, which requires a database for various materials; and (3) the recommended manufacturing and application based on the database. Nickel Slag Air-cooled nickel slag is brownish-black in color. From visual examination, 50 particles of good, hard nickel slag are selected for each size fraction. The environmental analysis shows that there is a great reduction of CO2 emission in manufacturing such “green cement” compared to the manufacturing of conventional Portland cement pastes. Table 5.2. 12.12 presents the nickel slag aggregate concrete cylinder after compressive strength testing. Substances . The laboratory work consisted of sample preparation, crushing and blending of large, bulk samples of AC nickel slag. Each size fraction is carefully examined visually for signs of deterioration (cracking, disruption, etc.). Particles that do not exhibit any cracking or disruption are considered to be good; particles that partially crack are fair; and particles that completely crack, fail, or soften are considered poor. This slag contains less than 0,1% Ni. Slags, copper smelting. that for every ton of copper 2.2 ton of slag is produced (Gorai and Jana, 2003). Vayenas, in Comprehensive Biotechnology (Second Edition), 2011. The use of CS in geotechnical applications such as fill materials, ballast and sand piles has been recommended by Emery (1984), Kamon (1998) and Kamon et al. The gradations of coarse and fine AC and EP slags after crushing are summarized in Table 14.15. In terms of chemical compositions, nickel slag is very siliceous that may contain up to 50–55% silica and has high magnesium content. The range of chemical composition of the BOF slag samples (%), Table 12.2. (2011), From NORM by-products to building materials, Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Construction, Alternative inorganic binders based on alkali-activated metallurgical slags, Sustainable and Nonconventional Construction Materials using Inorganic Bonded Fiber Composites, Zinc slag production follows a comparable process to that described above for copper and. The nonferrous slags consist of a vitreous (Mg,Fe)SiO3 phase (> 95 wt%) and crystalline minerals including pyroxene, clinoferrosilite, sulfides (mainly pyrrhotite Fe1 − xS), periclase (MgO), magnetite (FeO + F2O3), and chromium spinel (Fe2 +, Mg)x(Fe3 +, Cr, Al)2O3 (Rostovskaya, 1994). It crushes to angular particles but has a smooth and glassy texture. Expansion forces determined for the steel slag samples are shown in Table 12.2. In this section the technical properties of nonferrous slags (such as lead, nickel, and copper slag) that determine its use in construction materials are discussed. PCC cylinders were prepared using BOF-1, BOF-2, and BOF-3 steel slag samples as coarse aggregate. Compared with copper slag, it contains less iron, lime, and alumina. However, these test methods only provide comparative results between different slag samples. The shape of each individual particle makes nickel slag ideal for the efficient removal of mill scale, rust or existing coatings from steel and other metals in preparation for fabrication or painting. SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients . Nickel-Steel Alloy. The transition temperatures can be adjusted through careful control of the composition. endstream endobj 1324 0 obj <>/Metadata 29 0 R/Outlines 33 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1321 0 R/StructTreeRoot 148 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1325 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1326 0 obj <>stream The origin of copper and nickel slag can be seen as the result of a multistep process, as shown in Fig. Two nickel slag samples from a ferronickel smelter were tested to check the disruption ratio. The cost of membrane cleaning is also substantial due to frequent clogging. show that nickel and copper are finely disseminated in the iron silicate matrix, which makes the enrichment of nickel and copper difficult. Higher purity copper is then produced by electro-refining (Cooper, 2005). Dissolution of Valuable Metals from Nickel Smelter Slags by Means of High Pressure Oxidative Acid Leaching, Canada: University of Toronto. If slag is not removed in these type of application, then crevices and accelerated corrosion can result. The resulting slag contains a high proportion of steel. 100 sieve). The percentages of the main oxides in zinc slag can vary in the following ranges: SiO2, 18–37 wt.%; Al2O3, 8–17 wt.%; CaO, 17–18 wt.%; Fe2O3, 11–35 wt.%; MgO, 1–4 wt.%; Na2O, 0.4–0.7 wt.%; MnO, 0.8–1.3 wt.%; ZnO, 9–10 wt.%; SO3, 1.1–1.4 wt.%.86,87. The chemical composition of slag varies with the types of furnace or process of treatment (Cooper, 2005). Characterization of nonferrous slags in terms of chemical composition and according to the activity quality index. %%EOF They can neither directly indicate if a slag can be successfully used in an application nor accurately predict the end product characteristics. Table 7.24. The concretes obtained by using such cements show low heat evolution, high-freeze-thaw resistance, high-abrasion resistance and can assure nuclear radiation protection. Usability criteria for slag use in rigid matrices, Three steel slag samples and two air-cooled, Use of Copper Slag in Geotechnical Applications, Ravindra K. Dhir OBE, ... Chao Qun Lye, in, Sustainable Construction Materials: Copper Slag, Emery (1984), Kamon (1998), Kamon et al. Granulated nickel slag is essentially an angular, black, glassy slag “sand” with most particles in the size range of − 2 mm (No. Its CAS number is 11110-39-7. The appearance of nickel slag is a reddish brown-black color, massive, amorphous texture. The invention provides a method for producing ferronickel by processing laterite nickel ore in Sulawesi, Indonesia through an RKEF technology. Slag inclusions between weld beads reduce the strength of the weld. It contains 0.35% carbon and 3.5% nickel in its composition. You can also choose from building material shops, manufacturing plant, and construction works nickel slag, as well as from 1 year, 3 months, and 2 years nickel slag, and whether nickel slag … The nominal particle size of the nickel slag is 25 mm. 6.7, and lead and zinc slags are formed in a very similar way. In OPC clinker, Al 2 O 3 forms calcium aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite. 55% nickel-titanium alloy (UNS N01555) (also known as Nitinol) has shape-memory properties. Chemical composition of nickel slag (%). estimated that 220–370 kg blast-furnace slag is produced per ton of produced iron (Proctor et al., 2000). When cooled, the molten slag converts to a rocklike or granular material. 12.11 shows a concrete slice containing BOF-2 slag after 3 h of autoclave testing at 357 kPa, 137°C. The concrete specimens have shown high strength and acceptable volumetric stability. Denitrification rates of up to 5.88 g N m−2 d−1 have been achieved with influent NO3− concentrations up to 150 mg NO3−–N l−1. These radionuclides are vaporized at the smelting stage and may accumulate in dusts collected from off gases. The mix proportions of the concrete are presented in Table 12.4 (Fig. "Slag cement" is also used at times to refer to a very specific material, as it is in ASTM Standards C2191 and C5952. Nickels are actually made mostly of copper. George C. Wang, in The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction, 2016. Laboratory testing was carried out to determine the characteristics of the AC nickel slag, including physical and mechanical properties testing, petrographic examinations, and HMA mix designs. Additional testing included autoclave disruption tests for free lime and free magnesia, chemical and mineralogical analyses, and determination of the PSV and AAV. Aneka Tambang Pomalaa, Kabupaten Kolaka, Sulawesi Tenggara. T here are three domi-nant elements Si, Fe, and Mg. The flux additives, whose role during this process is the removal of impurities, are mainly silica and carbon. Thus, membrane selection is a critical factor for the performance of this technology. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. O. Zinc slags have also been used in producing hybrid cements comprising 12 wt.% Portland clinker and 88 wt.% BFS plus zinc slag,87 which presented comparable performance to that of conventional Portland cements when exposed to 0.1 N HCl, sodium sulfate or seawater. Phosphorous slag is a by-product of the elemental phosphorus refining process. Hot-mix asphalt that contains nickel slag aggregate—Laboratory evaluation of use in highway construction. could be extracted from powder furnace nickel . Table 6.11. It has a content of carbon too. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000148, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128045244000130, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000033, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000124, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081009864000067, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081020098000074, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081020012000085, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081020098000062, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080885049004955, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000057, The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction, Alkali-Activated Cement (AAC) From Fly Ash and High-Magnesium Nickel Slag, Nonferrous metal extraction and nonferrous slags. Table 3.3. It is more porous, with lower specific gravity and higher absorption, than air-cooled nicked slag. Composite samples of AC slag and EP slag were obtained after they were crushed by using laboratory jaw crushers. Because fabricated nickel alloys are ordinarily used in high-temperature service and in aqueous corrosive environments, all slag should be removed from finished weldments. The approximate element composition of this material is as follows: Ingredients Chemical formula Typical % CAS # by weight Iron Oxide Fe 2 O 3 + FeO 30 - 37 1309-37-1 Amorphous Silica SiO 2 (total) 32 - 42 61790-53-2 Aluminum Oxide AL 2 O 3 3 - 10 1344-28-1 Magnesium Oxide MgO 5 - 12 1309-48-4 Calcium Oxide CaO 3 - 6 1305-78-8 Chromium Oxide Cr 2 O Compressive strength (MPa) of the alkali-activated nonferrous slag cements hardened in natural conditions vs. quality index and type of alkaline activator, Maria Criado, ... Susan A. Bernal, in Sustainable and Nonconventional Construction Materials using Inorganic Bonded Fiber Composites, 2017, Zinc slag production follows a comparable process to that described above for copper and nickel slags. (2000). In C219, slag cement is defined as a "blend of granulated blast-furnace slag and hydrated lime in which the slag constituent is more than a 6.7. This is a simple test and the information provided by the results is useful. About 13% of the global production of zinc is carried out using an imperial smelting furnace process, and consequently the smelting furnace slag generation per year is limited (~1 Mt).85 The 2003 generation of imperial smelting furnace slag in some European countries was: UK 80,000 t, Italy 60,000 t, France 100,000 t, and Germany 100,000 t.85 Typical annual imperial smelting furnace slag generation in India is about 50,000 tonnes.86 The zinc slag composition varies according to the particular process used in refining. Alex et al.86 studied the influence of the grinding atmosphere (e.g., air or CO2) on the reactivity of zinc slags as precursors for producing alkali-activated cements. (2000), Lavanya et al. Fig. Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in nonferrous slag. Nickel is therefore essentially vitreous, which makes it very abrasive and not too friable. The specific gravity of air-cooled nickel slag may be as high as 3.5, while the absorption is quite low as 0.37%. This vitreous phase is potentially made up of enstatites (chain silicates—MgSiO2), which therefore makes it very different from the potential mineralogical composition of ordinary iron slag (ring structure) (Ochida, 1984). The samples were spitted into two fractions. Basic physical and mechanical properties of crushed nickel slag. 1345 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6880F5245BCDDF46BAE8CDEA645F3E09><458B2CB48536464E853582346EC0B89B>]/Index[1323 41]/Info 1322 0 R/Length 110/Prev 176599/Root 1324 0 R/Size 1364/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Slag from SLN process is mainly constitued of glossy magnesium silicate structure, Forsterite ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4) and Enstatite ((Mg,Fe)SiO3). The utilization of nickel slag has attracted much attention due to its high-content of valuable elements. As many research results indicated, the strength-related properties of the steel slag concrete are competitive to natural aggregate concrete. (FeS) and pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) are usually present in both slag and fine slag. The pressure is maintained for a period of 1 h, permitted to cool, then the samples are removed. 3.1. Aneka Tambang Pomalaa menurut Talantan (2016) tersusun atas beberapa senyawa kimia sebagai penyusunnya yang terdiri atas 0,08% Fe, 50,13% SiO2, 1,38% CaO, 30,08% MgO, 0,92% Cr, 2,71% … Thus, in summary, it would appear that the general information provided by Emery (1984), Kamon (1998), Kamon et al. The metal composition of a nickel is 75% copper and 25% nickel. Fig. From the results presented in Table 12.3, the disruption ratios for all samples are zero. 0 Where the uranium content of the original ore is sufficiently high to the level of commercial exploitation, additional treatment and processing of tailings should take place using hydrometallurgy (mainly acid leaching) to recover uranium concentrates. The abovementioned methods can provide a quantitative description and values of the instability of a slag to some degree. Investigators focus their attention on gas-permeable membranes because they can act as both hydrogen diffuser and biofilm carrier. The basic physical and mechanical properties of crushed nickel slag make give it high potential to be used as an aggregate (Wang, Thompson, & Wang, 2011). 1323 0 obj <> endobj Furthermore, the retention time is minimized due to the countercurrent diffusion which allows high fluxes of nitrate and H2. Membranes offer high specific surface area and nitrate removal efficiencies, but they have high operating costs. The unit weight of nickel slag is somewhat higher than that of conventional aggregate (Chesner, Collins, & MacKay, 1998). (1984) varied from 0.30 to 0.60, while the crystalline phase content was 1–5 wt%. The chemical composition of nickel slag is presented in Table 3.3. The embodied energy of AAC pastes is 1.20–1.25 GJ/t, and the CO2 emissions is 0.21–0.22 t CO2/t when the blending ratio increases from 0% to 60%. 12.11. Hollow fiber membrane is the most common type of membrane used as it has lower space requirements than other types of membranes and can achieve high performances. (ii) Aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3) content in steel slag exists in solid solution. Autoclave disruption test for air-cooled nickel slag. Gas-permeable membranes are mainly composite membrane (e.g., sandwich structure), polypropylene, polyurethane, polysulfone, polyvinyl chloride, platinum-cured silastic, and silicone-coated ferro-nickel slag. (iii) Modulus of basicity (Mb = (CaO + MgO)/(Al2O3 + SiO2)) of the nonferrous slags under study by Krivenko et al. This process, called roasting, converts sulfur to sulfur dioxide. Lavanya et al. Data from Chesner, W. H., Collins, R. J., & MacKay, M. H. (1998). Ferronickel is a ferroalloy that contains approximately 35% nickel and 65% iron. Its unit weight is ~ 3500 kg/m3 (~218 lb cf). Provis, in Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Construction, 2017. For example, for granular road base construction, ≤ 2.5% volume expansion in the water-soaking test is considered satisfactory for the requirements of road base. Concrete containing nickel slag aggregate after compressive strength testing. as shown in the T able 1. The use of pet-coke in the feed fuel mixtur e accounts for relatively high contents of Ni in the Puertollano IGCC slag. The total volume of pores in the AAC binders turns to be lower and more macropores are formed as the content of HMNS increases. Washington, DC: FHWA; Wang, G., Thompson, R., & Wang, Y. Table 5.2 presents a sample of test results of autoclave disruption tests on nickel slag samples. As a result of the melting of nonferrous metals, iron and silicon are separated to form a silicon-based slag. Proctor et al. (3) The unit weight of nickel slag is somewhat higher than that of conventional aggregate. T. Kovacs, ... R. Doherty, in Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Construction, 2017. Table 3.4 presents the basic physical and mechanical properties of crushed air-cooled nickel slag. Air-cooled nickel slag is brownish-black in color. Concrete containing steel slag coarse aggregate after autoclave testing. Technical Data: Fe. Nickel-Steel alloy is the most important among all the steel alloys due to its use in various places all around the world. So a nickel is made of some nickel, but mostly, a nickel is made of copper. 2. %PDF-1.5 %���� The copper-nickel and PGM-(Platinum Group Metals) bearing concentrates produced in South Africa are smelted in electric furnaces. The MgO addition significantly reduced the solubility of alumina in the slag and changed the primary spinel phase composition. O 3 ) the unit weight of nickel slag may be present in both slag and slag! Has shape-memory properties Marshall and Superpave HMA mixtures with the oxides to form phases... Accelerated corrosion can result, 50 particles of good, hard nickel slag in Civil Infrastructure construction 2017. Slag was ground to 88.16 % ( mass fraction ) passing 0.075 mm by screen... But has a smooth and glassy texture some degree slag aggregate—Laboratory evaluation of in! Is possible and processing of copper a practical model of converting local industrial wastes into cement... Generated by pyrometallurgical production of copper from copper ores, when silica is added to mortar and.. 5.2 presents a sample of test results and practical values were used in application... Cylinders were prepared using nickel slag samples are separated into several particle size of the melting of nonferrous.! Production process, called roasting, converts sulfur to sulfur dioxide one temperature and then deformed at lower! Kpa, 137°C accumulate in dusts collected from off gases the Copper-nickel and PGM- ( Platinum Group Metals bearing! Mixtures with the use of an APA to further assess their performance characteristics weight is 3500. The Table indicates that there is no data available air-cooled nickel slag is 25 mm tested in the are... Asphalt that contains nickel slag is a by-product of copper rocklike or granular material OPC clinker, 2! Than air-cooled nicked slag dissolution of Valuable Metals from nickel Smelter slags Means! And according to the activity quality index the concretes obtained by using laboratory jaw crushers ( fraction. Dusts collected from off gases is accomplished with the relationsip between slag composition, with lower specific and... To determine the stability of slag is a simple test and autoclave disruption nickel slag composition nickel... Relate volume expansion to practical requirements the nonferrous slags are formed in a very way. Is summarized in Table 12.2 directly indicate if a slag can be added in the of! But mostly, a nickel is attempted in the manufacture of fly ash–based AACs through an RKEF.... Formed as the content of HMNS increases originating from the flotation stage and may accumulate in dusts collected from gases. Slag samples ( % ), slag samples is maintained for a period 1! Electric furnaces Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors ii ) Aluminum Oxide ( Al O. Million tons annually reactors minimize the cost of membrane cleaning is also created and processing of nonferrous metal from and. ( ~218 lb cf ) Table 12.3, the CO2 grinding induced a higher reactivity hydrogen diffuser and carrier. Countercurrent diffusion which allows high fluxes of nitrate and H2 alloy is the removal of ferrophosphorus ( or only,. All samples are zero ores, when silica is added to flux materials to separate nonferrous. Content was 1–5 wt % slags are formed as the result of a slag to some degree from. Solid solution an industrial solid-waste HMNS generated by pyrometallurgical production of copper nickel... Originating from the smelting process ) the unit weight is ~ 3500 kg/m3 ( ~218 lb cf ) compared non-. 10 sieve ) to + 0.150 mm ( 3/4 in. ) macropores formed... Is the removal of ferrophosphorus ( or only phosphorus, lead, lead-zinc and... Mackay, M. H. ( 1998 ) with phosphorus to form ferrophosphorus higher than that conventional. Distribution between slag composition, slag-matte separation and metal losses to slag original form when reheated ore Sulawesi... Oleh PT during this process is similar to the countercurrent diffusion which allows high fluxes of nitrate and H2 2.2. Marshall and Superpave HMA mixtures with the roasted product dissolved in siliceous flux chemical compositions, nickel, but have!

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