Reinforces my feeling that we need a strategic pause in new concept development as we have reached concept/terminology/definition paralysis or overload. I will bet the Korean co-author of this paper probably knew the US doctrine the best and was a great help in the historical perspective as our Korean SF brothers still use much of our old Special Forces doctrine. These Five Pillars were published in 2011. This global war has brought to life a timeless tactic called irregular warfare (IW). 912, As Mexico’s security deteriorates, the power of the military grows, Murder in Mexico: journalists caught in the crosshairs, Submarines for Rent – The Best Option for Traffickers in Colombia, The Hydra: The Strategic Paradox of Human Security in Mexico, Pax Narco: Life, Death and Drug Money in Culiacán, the City of El Chapo, Understanding the Australian Inquiry into ADF War Crimes in Afghanistan, COVID-19 and International Law Series: Human Rights Law – Civil and Political Rights, Chinese Security Engagement in Latin America, Parameters - Current Issue: Volume 50, Number 4 (2020) Parameters Winter 2020, Righting the Course for America’s Special Operators by Mark E. Mitchell and Doug Livermore, COVID-19 and International Law Series: International Humanitarian Law – Treatment of Detainees, A Landmark Report on Starvation as a Method of Warfare, US Military Assessments of Iranian Support to Afghan Insurgents, Virus-proof Violence: Crime and COVID-19 in Mexico and the Northern Triangle, Human Shields and Proportionality: How Legal Experts Defended War Crimes in Sri Lanka, COVID-19 and International Law Series: International Humanitarian Law – Conduct of Hostilities, New Law Would Let China Coast Guard Use Weapons in South China Sea, Scaling the Counterrorism Return on Investment in Support of Great Power Competition, How Focusing on Non-State Actors Can Change the IHL Narrative, Making Waves: Militant Maritime Operations Along Africa’s Eastern Coast, US and UK Intelligence and Security Relationship: The Way Forward – Together, Behind China’s threat to support insurgency in India, American hostage rescued in West Africa by SEAL Team 6 in daring raid, Statement by Jonathan Hoffman, Chief Pentagon Spokesman, on Hostage Rescue Operation in Northern Nigeria, The case for affirming the independence of the Armenian Republic of Artsakh/Nagorno-Karabagh, The New Kings of Jihadist Terrorism Azerbaijan and Turkey, Violent criminal groups are eroding Mexico’s authority and claiming more territory, Gangs in lockdown: Impact of Covid-19 restrictions on gangs in east and southern Africa, Fragmentation of armed non-State actors in protracted armed conflicts: Some practical experiences on how to ensure compliance with humanitarian norms, Motive Matters: The Meaning of Attack Under IHL & the Rome Statute, Foreign Interference is a Strategy, Not a Tactic, An Age of Actorless Threats: Rethinking National Security in Light of COVID and Climate, Latin America’s History of Dirty Cops, Ministers and Generals, Anti-drug alliance tested after U.S. arrest of former Mexican defense chief, Department of Justice Releases Report on its Efforts to Disrupt, Dismantle, and Destroy MS-13, Symposium on Compliance in Armed Conflict: New Avenues to Generate Respect for Humanitarian Norms, Wrestling with Legal and Illegal Orders in the Military in the Months Ahead, For Baltic Defense, Forget the ‘Forest Brothers’, First ‘Narco-Submarine’ Caught After Crossing the Atlantic. Semantics, however, the perception of the 'actors' as the authors use the term is as much a determinant of what level is being addressed as anything. V/R Dave. We tried that a few times in our history, and I can't think of a case where it was a successful strategy. While it is important to know our history, it is a sin to become enslaved by it. In fact that statement was superceded when the term UW replaced the term GW as the umbrella term in the 1955 version of FM 31-21. The Vietnamese didn't intend to defeat us by defeating our military, all their attacks were focused on our home population, which effectively led to political paralysis in the end. On the other hand, the IW JOC was approved by the JCS after exhaustive coordination with the Services and Combatant Commands, and approved and signed by the SecDef after through review by the OSD staff. Well worth the read. The time to debate COAs is over. September 11, 2001 the Global War on Terror began. The DOD Instruction 3000.7 codifies Irregular Warfare as consisting of Counterinsurgency, Stability Operations, Foreign Internal Defense, Counterterrorism, and, importantly, Unconventional Warfare. Irregular Warfare Books Showing 1-50 of 121 Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam (Paperback) by. After 9/11, we identified a need to create a description for what to many appeared to be a new form of warfare – this became Irregular Warfare. That belief is reinforced as they also assert that:

"This proposed definition of IW captures the essence of what IW has always been, and clearly outlines that IW belongs in discussion of activities at the tactical level of war."

Heh. An organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through the use of … Concepts associated with irregular warfare are older than the term itself. Consequently, hybrid warfare is … coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground, Christopher J. Heatherly and Casey T. McNicholas. The antipathy of the occupied population toward their occupiers was a given. Irregular warfare has become the centre of much military and academic study in recent years, due mostly to the ongoing NATO operations in Afghanistan. Therefore, when a new concept for building partner capacity and training, advising and assisting was needed for the regular Army and Marine Corps, doctrine writers developed Security Force Assistance rather than start from the established doctrine in FID and altering it as necessary. Seems to me there is adequate historical example of both; Russian and US for just a couple and I'd further note that US Special forces were originally created specifically to assist in the conduct of guerrilla warfare as cited in items c. and d. Thus, I suggest their definition itself is 'lacking in academic rigor.' Irregular warfare remains in the forefront of the Air Force’s warfighting focus. I have written those words many times in the past thirty plus years of my military service.  With those words I have implied that the unconventional warfare mission belongs solely to US Army Special Forces (SF).  I was wrong. Irregular warfare in World War II flourished in inverse proportion to the fortunes of conventional forces. In Vietnam, securing and mobilizing the populace was critical (CIDG, Phoenix, etc. Purpose The purpose of the Irregular Warfare (IW) Joint Operating Concept (JOC) is to describe how future joint force commanders (JFCs) could conduct protracted1 IW to accomplish national strategic objectives in the 2014-2026 timeframe. Fortunately, for the Joint Warfighter, the intent of the IW JOC was only to further IW discussion, debate, and experimentation intended to influence future IW concepts and capability development. The hostile states and state-like adversaries that challenge our nation seek to gain legitimacy and influence or control over relevant populations, and if we are to prevail we must prevent them from doing so and instead win the suppport of those populations for an alternative strategic narrative at least as compelling as our adversaries' narratives. United States in various counterinsurgency and irregular warfare efforts from 1898 until 2007, with a particular emphasis on the role of the Marine Corps in the conduct of such efforts. The Enduring Pillars of Successful Counterinsurgency. IRREGULAR WARFARE 1775–2007 Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop of the Partnership for Peace Consortium’s Military History Working Group THE U.S. ARMY AND IRREGULAR WARFARE, 1775–2007 PIN : 085002–000 United States Army Center of Military History Selected Papers from the 2007 Conference of Army Historians Edited by Richard G. Davis While the construct of guerrilla, underground, and auxillary can be a useful model to visualize an insurgency's structure, it is not dogma, and not all insurgencies or resistence elements organize along these lines(odd that we still find it odd that other groups and countries do not feel obligated to follow our doctrine). The pillars of the trinity provide a foundation to understand how hybrid warfare employs irregular, unconventional, and conventional military power to balance against the risk of war trending towards absolute violence and open conflict. Also called IW. He explained that irregular warfare (IW) included counter-insurgency (COIN), counter-terrorism (CT), unconventional warfare (UW), foreign internal defense (FID), sabotage and subversion, as well as stabilization (warfare) and information operations (IO), among other areas. T.E. It includes, but is not limited to, guerrilla warfare, subversion, sabotage, intelligence activities, and unconventional assisted recovery. Consider this. The terrorists who conducted the Madrid bombings were not focused on Spain's economy or security forces, but rather influencing the voting population, which in this case effectively resulted in the anti-war candidate being elected and the withdrawal of their military from Iraq. The best example of this is in the area of Foreign Internal Defense (FID) and the rebirth of counterinsurgency in the US military after the challenges of Iraq.  Little attention was paid at this time to existing FID doctrine.  Like unconventional warfare, FID is one of the ten special operations activities specified in Section 167 of Title 10 of the US Code.  What that has meant to many outside of SOF is that FID and UW are SOF exclusive activities. Within the context of this understanding of the operating environment, five types of activities or operations (the 5 “pillars” of conducting irregular warfare) comprise the strategy for addressing irregular threats; these include: counterterrorism, unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, counterinsurgency, and stability operations. War is war, but the strategy (not just the tactics) varies considerably between conventional and irregular warfare. Drive by COIN and targeting only overt guerrillas is clearly a recipe for failure. All the options on the term and the definition were presented to the Senior Leadership and they decided. Donald Sparks, U.S. Army, Signing up for this newsletter means you agree to our data policy, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. Glenn, thank you for your words of wisdom. As discussed briefly in the previous post, current US military doctrine describes irregular warfare as having five core activities: counterterrorism (CT), unconventional warfare (UW), foreign internal defense (FID), counterinsurgency (COIN), and stability operations (SO). While Velupillai Prabhakaran is very much concerned with a population, I suspect he also thinks his effort is a strategic effort. I found it interesting that the authors did not address recent IW historical examples, such as Iraq where we initially made little to no progress when our effort was focused on the so called overt guerrilla elements. 913 Words 4 Pages. Show More. Examples of those variables also exist. By then Lawrence was gone, though not his influence, much to Orde Wingate’s consternation. The world since 2001 is a very different place. 5 Pillars of Irregular Warfare (IW) FID. The Irregular Warfare Annex to the National Defense Strategy called for the capabilities that the U.S. developed in irregular warfare during the war on terrorism to be shifted to the higher priorities of the NDS of rogue state actors and great-power competitors. COPYRIGHT © 2019 WAR ON THE ROCKS. It is their holistic applicaiton to achieve a strategic purpose of global or regional significance that is new within DOD. Photo Credit: Master Sgt. Furthermore it is hard to kill the bad guys you can't see, and we can't win by only defeating the overt forces. Irregular warfare favors indirect and asymmetric approaches, though it may employ the full range of military and other capacities, in order to erode an adversary’s power, influence, and will. Those kinds of folks are called Irregulars. As a wise USMC 0-6 said recently, "IW, its been decided, now lets get on with it.". The cut-off date for the IW JOC was Dcember 2006 and DOD thinking about IW has improved dramatically in the last 2 years. for joint forces, overflight rights, sanctuary, and external support for. While I agree with the authors that the apparent decision to not use the term Low Intensity Conflict for a number of miltary potentialities that do not include IW or GW, I think perhaps they also have missed the boat on what exactly IW is. I contend that the Department is better served by this community devoting energy to implementing the decision, instead of wasting time re-debating the commander's decision. He is a retired US Army Special Forces Colonel with 30 years of service. As we know, the five pillars of irregular warfare are rooted within these seven core operations. DOD used the term IW to garner the support of the Servies and Congress, but many argue that IW needs to be subordinated to the term Complex Operations, which is favored by the civil departments and agencies, and just recently was defined by the 2009 National Defense Authorization Act.  But the fact remains that, notwithstanding the notoriety of  highly visible missions such as the Bin Laden raid, years of paying little attention to SOF has led to a situation in which SOF activities and missions are not well understood, accepted, or sought after. In fact, the Joint Staff rejected the study and the study has been widely repudiated by the DOD components. The authors base the logic of their disagreement with IW in general and the IW JOC in particular on two false assumptions: States Air Force, Irregular Warfare, AFDD 2-3, Washington, D.C., August 1, 2007, p. 11.  SF is organized, trained, equipped, educated and optimized for a particular aspect of UW: to work “through and with an underground, auxiliary and guerrilla force in a denied area.”   Beyond that, the decision, the strategy, and the campaign plan to enable a resistance or guerrilla force to coerce, disrupt or overthrow a government or occupying power is made at the strategic level at what we once called the National Command Authority – this is outside the sole purview of SOF and SF. Due to the prevailing wisdom that SF owns the UW mission, many senior decision makers, policymakers and strategists both inside the Beltway and at the Geographic Combatant Commands (GCC) rarely consider the strategic option of conducting UW.  Furthermore, as evidenced by our myopic view of terrorism, we do not fully comprehend that our enemies are, in fact, conducting unconventional warfare. Yet, with no firm understanding or consensus on what IW actually means, the Department of Defense (DoD) developed the Irregular Warfare (IW) Joint Operating Concept (JOC) on 11 September 2007. Subversion, sabotage, disruption, attacking civilians, influencing population, terrorism, organized crime, etc What are the 5 pillars of irregular warfare How is irregular war conducted? Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph (Paperback) by. Unconventional warfare consists of activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to. Notably the relationship between US and China. The early Cold War Army doctrine envisioned the employment of UW/GW in Soviet-occupied territory in WWIII, supporting resistance movements not unlike those that resisted the Axis Power occupations of WWII. CT. Since 1955, GW has meant the more or less overt military or paramilitary aspects of an insurgency or resistance movement. Progress wasn't made until the additional troops were sent in to protect the populace to break the coercive influence link between the insurgent and the populace. Lawrence  Nowhere has this been better exemplified than in Afghanistan in 2001, where the mission combined the resources, human contacts, and authorities of the CIA with the capability, capacity, and expertise of the SF, to mount a very effective UW campaign. Definition of irregular warfare in the Definitions.net dictionary. It is clear that UW cannot “belong” solely to one military force, nor even to the military alone.  It is a strategic mission that is an offensive option for policymakers and strategists.  In the United States the UW mission is in fact an interagency one at the strategic level that can be shared between the Central Intelligence Agency and the military. IW is difficult to define, explain, and employ. by Admin. It is generally associated with broad movements that may be briefly described as 45. IW is difficult to define, explain, and employ.  Many working groups and  new manuals could have been avoided had doctrine writers began by looking at the threats from an unconventional warfare frame of reference instead of formulating a new term. Airmen continue to plan and counter irregular and evolving threats as joint, multinational, and multi-agency campaigns, beginning with strategy development and concluding with the achievement of the desired end state. Of course there were numerous parallels where the populace was critical in IW conflicts such as Malaysia, the Philippines, El Salvador, Algeria, etc. In a global struggle against such adversries, it no longer makes sense to think about insurgency, counterinsurgency, and counterterrorirsm as disjointed activities. Just as combined arms are complementary at the tactical level, the IW JOC argues for complementary COIN, FID, CT, and UW activities woven into the tapestry of a holistic IW campaign designed to achieve the objectives of a global or theater IW strategy. I began to realize this in 2009, when I participated in a working group established by the US Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School to re-examine the definition of unconventional warfare.  The revised definition that resulted was a compromise that did not satisfy everyone in the Special Forces (SF) or wider Special Operations Forces (SOF) community. For example, Frank Hoffman has advanced the intriguing concept of hybrid warfare, first observed in the 2006 Lebanon War, in which adversaries blend conventional, irregular, disruptive, and catastrophic capabilities and apply them to achieve their strategic objectives. Irregular warfare favors indirect and asymmetric approaches, though it may employ the full range of military and other capabilities, in order to erode an adversary’s power, influence, and will. As the IW JOC makes clear, IW is now used by DOD as an umbrella term for a set of activities that includes UW, with GW still being a subset of UW. All of the author's arguments equating GW and IW are therefore irrelevant and have been for half a century. Title 50 of the United States Code defines covert action as an activity or activities to influence political, economic, or military conditions abroad, where it is intended that the role of the United States will not be apparent or acknowledged publicly. Focusing your efforts on the populace enables you to defeat the resistance organization, not just the overt guerrillas. The term irregular warfare seems best to capture the wide variety of these "little wars." Rather than being viewed as a list of discrete options, these activities (sometimes called the five “pillars” of … (IW JOC 1.0) a. IW JOC 1.0 is just that. That the 2006 Irregular Warfare Special Study by the Joint Warfighter Center is a reputable source document. To me it simply means a least one side in the fight is not an organized and sworn, uniformed and recognized military organization IAW the nominal international rules of land warfare. The world has changed since 1951. Yet, with no firm understanding or consensus on what IW actually means, the Department of Defense (DoD) developed the Irregular Warfare (IW) Joint Operating Concept (JOC) on 11 September 2007. If necessary, the authors will propose a more fitting definition for IW that is aligned with its doctrinal characterization. Our problem is with the nature of special operations itself.  Until recent years in the post 9-11 world, SOF has been associated with secrecy and compartmentalization.  These are critically important requirements for special operations. A frequent criticism of the United States military is it spends too little time contemplating the future of warfare, choosing instead to refight the last war. for Irregular Warfare William Fleser 23 Chapter 5. The paper will also look at the doctrinal relationship between Low Intensity Conflict (LIC) and IW. Version 1.0 of the IW JOC proposes that IW is a protracted form of warfare, on a global or regional scale, that will require new capability development. The interagency and joint military force must be able to plan and conduct unconventional warfare as well as counter-unconventional warfare.  Although my SF brethren may think this is heresy, it is important for our nation that this mission is owned by more than just SF. It is folly to argue that the IW JOC is wrong because it does not comply with 1951 Army doctrine. I learned long ago that you present COAs to the commander and he makes the call. Irregular warfare (IW) is defined in United States joint doctrine as "a violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant populations." First they claim the strategic level of IW is the underground, and that the underground is largely focused on the populace (thus strategic victory = populace), and then they argue that IW should only be focused on the overt guerrillas, or at the tactical level? Meaning of irregular warfare. Perhaps that is because IW is different things to different people. AQ's focus on various external population groups is plain to see, and they are trying to isolate their opponents by cutting off external support. Nonetheless, the definition currently resides in Joint Publication 1-02 the Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms and is now the foundation for US military unconventional warfare doctrine:  Unconventional warfare consists of “activities to enable a resistance or insurgency to coerce, disrupt or overthrow a government or occupying power through and with an underground, auxiliary, and guerrilla force in a denied area.”. 78, by Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, by International Review of the Red Cross (IRRC) No. That process, which went hand in hand with the growth of nation-states, came to a head in the second half of the seventeenth century. This global war has brought to life a timeless tactic called irregular warfare (IW). Irregular War And Cyber Warfare; Irregular War And Cyber Warfare. 1. ""They cite FM 31-20 (1951) as one source and as it -- correctly in my view -- that:

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