The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. . Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. . Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Corrections? A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Kublai Khan The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. As one Qing official complained:[9]. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. Imperial Mistakes ThoughtCo. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. View original page. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. . White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. (February 22, 2023). In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. [2][3]. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Szczepanski, Kallie. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. . The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. id ." Chien-lung The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). However, the date of retrieval is often important. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. ", Dai, Yingcong. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). ", Dai, Yingcong. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. Omissions? It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Szczepanski, Kallie. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions Encyclopedia.com. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. . The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. And so the war was waged. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. 12 talking about this. 22 Feb. 2023 . The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces "White Lotus Rebellion The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). XIX Century Civil Wars. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. "Tianlijiao ", in. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. Update now. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . Grandmother. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Industrial Attachment Vacancies In Zimbabwe 2022, Steve Forbert Wife Jill, Montgomery County Building Code, No Quarter Will Be Given Flag, Articles W